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Old 24-08-22, 06:50 AM   #1
JackSpratts
 
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Default Peer-To-Peer News - The Week In Review - August 27th, 22

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August 27th, 2022




There were Almost Two Internets. Then, the CIA Destroyed One.

While America made the network that would become the internet, programmers in Chile were building a vision of their own.
John D'Amico

In Mashable’s new three-part episode of our series on the digital age's dark side, Kernel Panic, we explore a startlingly advanced computer network developed in Salvador Allende's Chile of the 1970s. Called Project Cybersyn, the network was a centerpiece of Allende's effort to modernize the Chilean economy. It was developed in parallel with the American networks that would become the internet, at a moment in time in which President Nixon was trying to undermine the Chilean economy and overthrow Allende, the first democratically elected Marxist leader in Latin America.

Cybersyn, designed by a farthinking British theorist named Stafford Beer and run by a cadre of young revolutionary programmers, was an astonishing success. Using little more than old telephone wires and mothballed pre-war machinery, the Chilean program managed to build out a real-time data stream very much like the social media newsfeed of today, watching and monitoring the country's industry from a retro-futuristic control room in the capital.

For two years, the programmers used Cybersyn to battle strikes and attempted coups until finally, in September of 1973, Allende was overthrown by a military junta led by Augusto Pinochet. The dream of a stable, modernized Chile died with Allende, and so did the potential for a second internet, built in parallel and evolved under a totally different system of information sharing.

Mashable speaks to Fernando Flores who served under Allende as finance minister before spending three years in prison under Pinochet, as well as Raul Espejo, operational director of Project Cybersyn, and the family of Stafford Beer to take you inside the dream and disappointment of Project Cybersyn.
https://mashable.com/article/project...e-kernel-panic





The Math Proves It—Network Congestion Is Inevitable

And sometimes “solving” traffic problems can just make things worse
Charles Q. Choi

Just as highway networks may suffer from snarls of traffic, so too may computer networks face congestion. Now a new study finds that many key algorithms designed to control these delays on computer networks may prove deeply unfair, letting some users hog all the bandwidth while others get essentially nothing.

Computers and other devices that send data over the Internet break it down into smaller packets and then use special algorithms to decide how fast to send these packets. These congestion control algorithms aim to discover and exploit all the available network capacity while sharing it with other users on the same network.

Over the past decade, researchers have developed several congestion control algorithms that seek to achieve high rates of data transmission while minimizing the delays resulting from data waiting in queues in the network. Some of these, such as Google's BBR algorithm, are now widely used by many websites and applications.

However, although hundreds of congestion control algorithms have been proposed in the last roughly 40 years, "there is no clear winner," says study lead author Venkat Arun, a computer scientist at MIT. "I was frustrated by how little we knew about where these algorithms would and would not work. This motivated me to create a mathematical model that could make more systematic predictions."

Unexpectedly, Arun and his colleagues now find many congestion control algorithms may prove highly unfair. Their new study finds that given the real-world complexity of network paths, there will always be a scenario where a problem known as "starvation" cannot be avoided—where at least one sender on a network receives almost no bandwidth compared to other users.

A user's computer does not know how fast to send data packets, because it lacks knowledge about the network, such as how many other senders are on it or the quality of the connection. Sending packets too slowly makes poor use of the available bandwidth. However, sending packets too quickly may overwhelm a network, resulting in packets getting dropped. These packets then need to be sent again, resulting in delays. Delays may also result from packets waiting in queues for a long time.

Congestion control algorithms rely on packet losses and delays as details to infer congestion and decide how fast to send data. However, packets can get lost and delayed for reasons other than network congestion. For example, data may be held up and then released in a burst with other packets, or a receiver's acknowledgement that it received packets might get delayed. The researchers called delays that do not result from congestion "jitter."

Congestion control algorithms cannot distinguish the difference between delays caused by congestion and jitter. This can lead to problems, as delays caused by jitter are unpredictable. This ambiguity confuses senders, which can make them each estimate delay differently and send packets at unequal rates. The researchers found this eventually leads to situations where starvation occurs and some users get shut out completely.

In the new study, the researchers analyzed whether every congestion control algorithm of which they were aware, as well as some new ones they devised, could avoid starvation. The scientists were surprised to find there were always scenarios with each algorithm where some people got all the bandwidth, and at least one person got basically nothing.

"Some users could be experiencing very poor performance and we didn't know about it sooner," Arun says. "Extreme unfairness happens even when everybody cooperates, and it is nobody's fault."

The researchers found that all existing congestion control algorithms that seek to curb delays are what they call "delay-convergent algorithms" that will always suffer from starvation. The fact this weakness in these widely used algorithms remained unknown for so long is likely due to how empirical testing alone "could attribute poor performance to insufficient network capacity rather than poor algorithmic decision-making," Arun says.

Although existing approaches toward congestion control may not be able to avoid starvation, the aim now is to develop a new strategy that does, Arun says. "Better algorithms can enable predictable performance at a reduced cost," he says.

Arun notes this research may have applications beyond analyzing network congestion. "We are currently using our method of modeling computer systems to reason about other algorithms that allocate resources in computer systems," he says. "The goal is to help build systems with predictable performance which is important since we rely on computers for increasingly critical things. For instance, lives could depend on self-driving cars making timely decisions."

The scientists will detail their findings 24 August at the ACM Special Interest Group on Data Communications (SIGCOMM) conference.
https://spectrum.ieee.org/internet-congestion-control





EPB Launches America’s First Community-Wide 25 Gig Internet Service

Continuing the focus on delivering the world’s fastest internet speeds that led Chattanooga’s municipal utility to launch America’s first comprehensively available Gig-speed internet service (2010) and the first 10-Gig internet service (2015), EPB has launched the nation’s first community-wide 25 gigabits per second (25,000 Mbps) internet service.

It is set to be available to all residential and commercial customers over a 100 percent fiber optic network with symmetrical upload and download speeds.

Through a partnership with Hamilton County and the city of Chattanooga, the Chattanooga-Hamilton County Convention Center is EPB’s first 25 Gig customer, making it the first convention center worldwide to offer such blazingly fast speeds over a broadband network.

With this technology, the Convention Center will be able to simultaneously provide high bandwidth connectivity to thousands of smart devices to draw business conferences, e-gaming competitions, live streaming events and more.

“EPB is keeping Chattanooga on the cutting edge,” said Vicky Gregg, EPB Board Chair. “We are once again breaking the typical approach for internet service providers by proactively upgrading to the latest technologies in anticipation of future needs. Our goal is to enable new frontiers for technical innovation and job creation for our customers to the benefit of our whole community.”

Hamilton County and the city of Chattanooga have each dedicated $151,000 in infrastructure funding for a total of $302,000 to cover the cost of installing new networking equipment and Wi-Fi access points throughout the convention center as well as much of the cost of providing multi-gig connectivity for the next five years. Once the new equipment is installed, visitors will be able to benefit from high-speed connectivity throughout the facility.

“The new 25 Gig internet service gives our Convention Center a major competitive advantage in drawing business conferences, conventions, e-gaming competitions and other events that bring tens of thousands of visitors and many millions of dollars in spending into our local economy,” said County Mayor Jim Coppinger. “Throughout my time as Mayor, I’ve placed a primary focus on supporting new economic opportunities for the people of Hamilton County. I’m proud to stand with the Hamilton County Commission, the city of Chattanooga, the Chattanooga Tourism Co., the Chattanooga Area Chamber of Commerce and EPB in launching this new job creation tool which will serve our community for many years to come.”

“EPB has continuously pushed the boundaries of what a utility can do for a city, and by launching 25-gigabit per second internet service community-wide, we have solidified Chattanooga’s competitive advantage as the premier destination for the country’s emerging knowledge innovation economy,” said Chattanooga Mayor Tim Kelly. “This new, incredible resource will not only attract businesses, entrepreneurs, and top talent from across the globe, it will also increase quality of life for the tens of thousands of Chattanoogans who rely on high quality, top-speed internet for remote work. Simply said, this is an unprecedented boon for our local economy.”

The launch of the new internet service is made possible by EPB’s on-going, multi-year effort to upgrade the whole community-wide network from core to the optical networking equipment at customer locations with the latest optical signaling technology along with the deployment of Nokia’s ground-breaking symmetrica 25G PON (Passive Optical Network) fiber broadband technology. With Nokia 25 PON, EPB can provide 25 Gig internet services anywhere across its network while avoiding the need for one-off, point-to-point installations which other providers may offer only as customized design-build solutions for high-band width commercial customers. As a result, companies typically bear the high cost of running the necessary fiber cabling to their locations along with all other construction costs.

“Nokia and EPB have a proven track record over the past two decades of bringing fiber access innovations to meet the market needs. This announcement highlights how fiber broadband services are evolving beyond residential broadband,” said David Eckard, CTO North America at Nokia. “Businesses have an insatiable appetite for connectivity, driven in part by the pervasive use of video but also now by cloud-based applications requiring instant bandwidth. Providing business services on the same fiber network is an evolutionary and pragmatic use of their existing network assets, and 25G PON provides the immediate capacity uptick to be able to offer unparalleled bandwidth.”

In launching the 25 Gig internet service, EPB is also continuing to partner with Arista Networks, which is providing the equipment to upgrade the convention space to Wi-Fi 6 with multi-gig PoE campus switching platform. This will provide Conference Center visitors with high connection speeds on the wireless and wired networks. Arista's security capabilities which include WIPS (Wireless Intrusion Prevention System) coupled with IPFIX will ensure the security and protection of the visitor connections.

“Providing high network speeds, capacity and security at public venues can be very challenging,” said Pramod Badjate, Group Vice President and General Manager, Cognitive Campus for Arista Networks. “The partnership between Arista and EPB provides customers with high connection speeds and security for both wired and wireless networks.”

EPB launched its community-wide Gig-speed internet service in September 2010, quickly earning Chattanooga a reputation as “Gig City.” Today’s 25 Gig enhancement follows a 2015 upgrade which made Chattanooga the first to offer 10 Gig internet service accessible by everyone across a community. The latest upgrade uses 25GS PON (25 Gigabit Symmetrical Passive Optical Network) line cards incorporated into the same fiber nodes and uses the same fiber used for the existing GPON and XGS-PON network.

EPB's Gig-Speed internet has helped the Chattanooga region earn many prestigious accolades while boosting the community's rank among tech hot spots. Chattanooga was ranked number 36 in Inc.'s Surge Cities list of best cities in the country to start a business and was recognized as one of the top five growth markets for the meetings industry by Knowland and one of the South's Best Cities on the Rise by Southern Living Magazine.

"Many of the people who visit Chattanooga think of our reputation as the 'Scenic City,' but when they experience our 'Gig City' internet speeds combined with our scenery and lifestyle, many businesses and families want to stay," said Barry White, President and CEO of Chattanooga Tourism Co. "EPB's commitment to leading edge innovation is a lynchpin in our community's economic and social prosperity."
https://www.chattanoogan.com/2022/8/...cas-First.aspx





The Downfall of Smart TVs: From Promises of Seamless Viewing to Ad Tool on Steroids
Ekaterina Kachalova

Before we start talking about smart TV technology, let's take a short trip down memory lane and recall what television was like without it: it's the early 2000s, your favorite show is on, the action builds to a climax, you're on the edge of your seat.... and there it is, the dreaded commercial break.

There was literally nothing you could do about it except keep switching channels back and forth and cursing silently. You felt helpless and annoyed.

Not an idiot box…

The advent of user-friendly smart TV in the late 2000s felt like a breath of fresh air. It allowed viewers to stream what they wanted and when they wanted, play music and even browse the web. The only thing you had to do was to install a streaming app such as Netflix or Hulu (most smart TVs already come with preloaded apps) and enjoy your favorite content with minimum distractions and ads… Oh. Wait.
...but a smart data harvester

Smart TVs might have invaded almost every home on the promise of customized and seamless viewing experience, but, in essence, they are not much different from their bulkier and dumber predecessors. Right from the get-go TV vendors have been conditioning their smart brainchildren to collect user data to personalize ads and sometimes directly deliver them to viewers' screens. To do so, TV manufacturers have been tracking user behavior through a variety of tools, chipping away at their privacy.

Smart TVs like collecting your data

And while you can use an ad blocker to do away with ads on your PC or a smartphone, this would not work with smart TVs. Do not despair, though — there are some ready-made solutions that can help you get rid of noisy adverts even on smart TVs. For example, you can change the DNS server or install a network-wide software like AdGuard Home that will block ads and tracking across all your devices. But let's not get ahead of ourselves and first take a closer look at the problem itself.

Case in point: Vizio

California-based Vizio is one of the biggest smart TV vendors by market share in the US, trailing behind Samsung and on par with TCL and LG. According to its Wikipedia page, the company not only "designs and sells televisions, sound bars", but also viewer data, and advertising".

Most recently, Vizio has made headlines by displaying "jump ads" over live television. The ad banner appeared towards the end of the premier episode of a comedy show and nudged users to "jump" to an on-demand streaming service to continue watching it. Vizio said that pop-ups were "designed to bridge the gap between linear TV and streaming services". Some may argue that there's no need to be dramatic and that there's nothing wrong in seeing an occasional ad every now and then. However, we may only be witnessing the beginning of an end.

Vizio said that it was working with other brands and content providers on integrations. Translation: start bracing for more ads. What does not help the situation is that Vizio's track record as far as privacy goes is not exactly stellar.

Tarnished record

Back in 2017, Vizio paid $2.2 million to settle charges that it had been collecting data on millions of its customers without their knowledge or consent. According to the US government, the company went as far as to retrofit older models with surveillance software by installing it remotely.

It worked as follows: first, Vizio collected a selection of pixels on the screen and matched them to an existing database of content to find out what a user was watching and when. This way the vendor harvested as many as "100 billion data points each day".

Then, Vizio cashed in on that data by selling consumer's viewing histories "to advertisers and others". Vizio effectively made it possible for third parties to identify users by "facilitating appending special demographic information" to the viewing data. In other words, Vizio shared IP addresses of its consumers with the data aggregators who then would find a person or a household to which it belonged.

As part of the settlement, Vizio agreed to request the expressed consent of its consumers before starting tracking them, but little else has changed.

We can feign shock and surprise every time we see yet another company taking advantage of data-harvesting capabilities that our smart TVs offer. The fact, however, is that smart TVs have been going down this slippery slope for a decade now, and they have no intention of turning back.

Nothing new under the sun

Samsung, one of the early pioneers of smart TV technology, started showing pop-up ads back in the mid-2010s as part of its partnership with Yahoo. In some cases the pop-ups would reportedly appear halfway through the show and be injected into the users' own content, such as home videos.

Samsung faced its own share of privacy-related scandals back in the day. The older version of Samsung's privacy policy warned that users' spoken words, including personal and other sensitive information, could be recorded and sent to a third party if voice control was enabled. Panasonic, another well-established market player, has been showing pop-up banner ads since 2012.

Both Samsung and Panasonic may be household names, but the smart TV market is so lucrative that nobody wants to miss out on their chance to profit off it, including companies that do not produce TV sets themselves.

The rise of smart TV technology has sparked an interest in smart media players or over-the-top devices that can turn non-smart TV into smart TV if you hook them up to your HDMI input. Examples of such devices include the Android-based Nvidia Shield TV media player, Xiaomi Mi TV Stick, Google Chromecast Media Player, Apple's set-top box and Roku media player.

The latter has become the poster child of how far smart TV advertising can go if it's not reined in.

Case in point: Roku

Roku, the largest TV operating system in the US with 60 million monthly active users, has recently announced "first-of-its-kind partnership" with Walmart, the world's leading retailer. Under the deal, viewers of Roku-powered smart TVs would be able to purchase products right from the ads on their screens. Viewers won't even need to fill in their card details — that would have been quite a chore with a remote. They will only need to press "OK" twice: first, to proceed to virtual checkout and then to place an order, while Roku would take care of the payment details, inputting them from its own payments platform.

Roku is partnering with Walmart

It's unclear at which precise moment a "shoppable ad" may appear on the screen — apparently, it's up to Walmart to decide:

"Walmart is unmatched in the ability to evaluate customer behaviors and then scale commerce offerings to customers where and how they want to shop, including during moments of entertainment"

Such a shopping model comes with obvious security risks, similar to those that Amazon's Alexa voice assistant became notorious for. Since it was possible for kids to buy a truckload of toys using Alexa, then why cannot the same happen to Roku?. After all, it takes two clicks to place an order.

Besides, the mere fact that your TV box is turning into a full-blown e-commerce tool without your consent is something that we find unnerving. And we surely are not alone.

One should not be surprised at the new addition to Roku's vast advertising arsenal. Roku is a trailblazer in the TV-slash-advertising business, and its customers have long been used to seeing interactive pop-ups over matching commercials.

But earlier this year it appeared as if the company decided to take the next big step. It started with a Reddit user complaining that Roku was showing pop-ads for a bed manufacturer during a completely unrelated sports broadcast. After the post went viral, Roku claimed that the ad was a "bug" which had been resolved. No additional comment was provided, so now we could only guess if it had not been not the trial run of the new add feature.

What does your TV know and who else knows it?

Smart TVs use a built-in technology, known as ACR (Automatic Content Recognition) to extract information about your viewing habits from your flatscreen. The technology enables your TV to collect data about the content playing on the screen, the name of the provider, cable, broadcast, programs and commercials. Your TV vendor knows how much time you spend watching what show at a given date, what channels you tune in, whether you view the content live or at a later time.

If the term ACR rings a bell, it's because of Vizio whose 2017 data collecting scandal propelled it to the realm of notoriarity.

In addition to your viewing history, smart TVs can collect device identifiers, including the IP address. And the list is far from complete: for instance, Roku says that it may "receive information about the browser and devices you use to access the Internet", including but not limited to its services, as well as Wi-Fi network name and connection data, "and information about other devices connected to the same network". Falling short of identifying you personally, Roku notes that it may "infer your general location information and internet service provider" based on device information it receives. In Vizio's case, the vieiwing data can be further enriched with the help of the "household demographic data" as well as the data about what consumers buy online and other activity on the devices that share the same IP Address with the smart TV.

According to Vizio, the information collected through ACR might be shared with analytics companies, media conglomerates and advertisers. Roku says that it shares information with partners whose services are available through Roku "for different purposes", including for tailoring your content to you and personalizing ads.

Cheaper TV = less privacy

Perhaps, you have already wondered why oversized smart TVs — quite a sophisticated piece of technology — are not exactly expensive. You can buy Vizio's latest 65-inch 4K model for less than $500, which is quite a bargain. The reason for that sudden bout of generosity on the part of TV sellers is not altruism. The only way for TV manufacturers to slash the cost of the devices and improve picture quality at the same time is to increasingly rely on ad revenue.

And if it's a secret, it's a thinly-veiled one. Roku CEO Anthony Wood admitted back in 2018 that his company was in the advertising and not in the hardware business. There is no doubt that other companies live by this creed, if they are not talking about it out loud.

OK, so what should I do?

The most drastic and bulletproof solution would be to dumb down your smart TV by disconnecting it from the internet or to find a functioning CRT TV at the nearest scrap yard or on Ebay.

An old good CRT TV you don't want

If you don't mind watching movies on Blu-ray or using an HDMI cable to connect your computer to your TV for streaming, you might want to consider doing just that.

However, if you do not want to go back to the days of old yore, then probably the better option for you would be to disable ACR. For example, when you turn on a Vizio TV for the first time, you are given an option to enable automatic content recognition — which you shouldn't do unless you want to give Vizio and advertisers free access to your viewing history. If you have already agreed to ACR, you may opt out of it in the Settings.

While the ACR settings can be buried deep in the menu, it's possible to turn the feature off on all major smart TV brands.

We must note, however, that even with ACR disabled, your smart TV will still have enough wits to collect some data about you, including potentially information about your location and the apps that you use.

Another option would be to block ads and trackers by changing just one setting in your smart TV, namely, its DNS server. You can use one of AdGuard public DNS servers, which are free to use and easy to configure.

If you're in for a more advanced and comprehensive solution, you may want to set up your own AGuard Home server which would cover all your home devices, re-routing tracking domains to a "black hole".
https://adguard.com/en/blog/smart-tv-ad-blocking.html





Notorious DRM Company Takes Aim At Switch Piracy

Denuvo has rolled out a new product called Nintendo Switch Emulator Protection
Ethan Gach

Denuvo, the company best known for its heavily-criticized PC gaming DRM technology, has set its sights on a new scourge: Nintendo Switch piracy. The software maker announced during GamesCom 2022 on Wednesday that it will begin selling a new product called Nintendo Switch Emulator Protection to prevent Switch games from being pirated on PC.

It doesn’t appear to be partnering with Nintendo on the initiative, which instead seems aimed mostly at third-party publishers of multiplatform games. “As with all other Denuvo solutions, the technology integrates seamlessly into the build toolchain with no impact on the gaming experience. It then allows for the insertion of checks into the code, which blocks gameplay on emulators,” the company wrote in a press release. In the past, however, Denuvo’s “checks” have been accused of making some games run worse.

Switch emulation has come a long way since the console launched in 2017, and now it’s not uncommon for some tech enthusiasts to play their legally purchased Switch exclusives on an emulator running on a much more powerful gaming rig. The result can mean higher resolutions, frame rates, and other performance improvements.

But the Switch, like Nintendo’s previous handhelds before it, is also vulnerable to piracy, with users distributing ROMs of games online to be played on jailbroken Switches or, more often, a Switch emulator on PC. And that’s what Denuvo claims to be cracking down on, specifically with games that are on both Switch and PC.

“Even if a game is protected against piracy on its PC version, the released version on Switch can be emulated from day one and played on PC, therefore bypassing the strong protections offered on the PC version,” Denuvo wrote. “The Nintendo Switch Emulator Protection will ensure that anyone wishing to play the game has to buy a legitimate copy.”

At the same time, lots of PC games have removed Denuvo anti-tamper protections in recent years. In the late 2010s it became something of a game for hackers to see how fast they could “crack” the latest Denuvo-protected game. More recently, studios have occasionally removed Denuvo DRM themselves before a game even comes out, either because of fan backlash or because of concerns over how it will hurt technical performance.

Nintendo has taken a different approach to clamping down on Switch piracy. Namely, lawsuits and, in one particularly harsh case, collaborating with federal prosecutors to send hackers to jail. Nintendo and Denuvo did not immediately respond to a request for comment.
https://kotaku.com/nintendo-switch-b...drm-1849451287





Counterfeiting, Piracy Complaints Down 48% in H1, Says IP Rights Body
Alden M. Monzon

The Intellectual Property of the Philippines (IPOPHL) reported on Tuesday a 48-percent drop in the number of complaints of pirating and counterfeiting as of end-June, which it attributed to stricter enforcement of copyright and antipiracy rules.

From 107 reports and complaints recorded in the first half of last year, the IPOPHL said it received only 56 from January to June this year.

“Mechanisms in place are working. For example, e-commerce platforms have become stricter as required by the memorandum of understanding between brand owners and e-commerce platforms like Lazada and Shopee,” said Ann Edillon, officer in charge of the IPOPHL’s IP Rights Enforcement Office (IEO), referring to the agreement signed in 2021 aimed at pushing for stronger notice-and-takedown procedures among e-commerce platforms.

“We also recognize that brand owners have been more knowledgeable of their rights and how they can utilize the complaints mechanisms of platforms,” she added.

Counterfeiting accounted for 95 percent of the total reports and complaints received by IPOPHL’s IEO.

Apparel, which includes shoes, clothes, bags and eyewear, remains the most targeted by counterfeiters and are included in 65.9 percent of the reports and complaints.

Perfume and beauty products are the second-most counterfeited products at 9.1 percent, gadgets at 6.8 percent, home items at 6.8 percent; and other items, such as keychains and umbrellas at 4.5 percent

On the other hand, shows and movies were the most pirated works and accounted for 44.4 percent of the complaints and reports.

This is followed by artworks and paintings at 22.2 percent, general e-books at 22.2 percent and software at 11.1 percent.

Internet users were also the primary reporters of these crimes, accounting for 64.2 percent, with brand and IP rights owners filing 18.9 percent of the reports.

“Despite this decline, we cannot deny that the IP rights enforcement is also now a battle fought online. We further encourage the netizens and IP rights holders to continue being vigilant and maximize the IP protection features on sites where they observe any counterfeiting and piracy activities,” Edillon said, adding that their office welcomes formal complaints if online platforms cannot provide the reporting mechanism.
https://business.inquirer.net/358718...ip-rights-body

















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